{"id":3085,"date":"2021-05-10T06:14:32","date_gmt":"2021-05-10T06:14:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/3.35.173.53\/?p=3085"},"modified":"2021-05-10T06:14:32","modified_gmt":"2021-05-10T06:14:32","slug":"kaufer-d-friedman-a-seidman-s-soreq-h-1998-acute-stress-facilitates-long-lasting-changes-in-cholinergic-gene-expression-nature-3936683-373","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/happyfinder.co.kr\/?p=3085","title":{"rendered":"Kaufer, D., Friedman, A., Seidman, S., &#038;Soreq, H. (1998). Acute stress facilitates long-lasting changes in cholinergic gene expression. Nature, 393(6683), 373."},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Acute traumatic stress may lead to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)<sup><a title=\"Sapolsky, R. M. Why stress is bad for your brain. Science 273, 749\u2013750 (1996).\" id=\"ref-link-section-d69252e405\" aria-label=\"Reference 1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/30741#ref-CR1\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\"><font size=\"2\">1<\/font><\/a><\/sup>, which is characterized by delayed neuropsychiatric symptoms including depression, irritability, and impaired cognitive performance<sup><a title=\"Gurvits, T. V. et al. Neurological status of Vietnam veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Neuropsych. Clin. Neurosci. 5, 183\u2013188 (1993).\" id=\"ref-link-section-d69252e409\" aria-label=\"Reference 2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/30741#ref-CR2\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\"><font size=\"2\">2<\/font><\/a><\/sup>. Curiously, inhibitors of the acetylcholine-hydrolysing enzyme acetylcholinesterase may induce psychopathologies that are reminiscent of PTSD<sup><a title=\"Rosenstock, L., Keifer, M., Daniell, W. E., McConnell, R. &amp; Claypoole, K. Chronic central nervous system effects of acute organophosphate pesticide intoxication. Lancet 338, 223\u2013227 (1991).\" id=\"ref-link-section-d69252e413\" aria-label=\"Reference 3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/30741#ref-CR3\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\"><font size=\"2\">3<\/font><\/a><\/sup>,<sup><a title=\"Wickelgr, I. The big easy serves up a feast to visiting neuroscientists: rat model for Gulf War Syndrome? Science 278, 1404 (1998).\" id=\"ref-link-section-d69252e417\" aria-label=\"Reference 4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/30741#ref-CR4\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\"><font size=\"2\">4<\/font><\/a><\/sup>. It is unknown how a single stressful event mediates long-term neuronal plasticity. Moreover, no mechanism has been proposed to explain the convergent neuropsychological outcomes of stress and of acetylcholinesterase inhibition. However, acute stress elicits a transient increase in the amounts released of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and a phase of enhanced neuronal excitability<sup><a title=\"Imperato, A., Puglisi-Allegra, S., Casolini, P. &amp; Angellucci, L. Changes in brain dopamine and acetylcholine release during and following stress are independent of the pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Brain Res. 538, 111\u2013117 (1991).\" id=\"ref-link-section-d69252e421\" aria-label=\"Reference 5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/30741#ref-CR5\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\"><font size=\"2\">5<\/font><\/a><\/sup>. Inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase also promote enhanced electrical brain activity<sup><a title=\"Ennis, M. &amp; Shipley, M. T. Tonic activation of locus coeruleus neurons by systemic or intracoerulear microinjection of an irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor: increased discharge rate and induction of c-fos. Exp. Neurol. 118, 164\u2013177 (1992).\" id=\"ref-link-section-d69252e426\" aria-label=\"Reference 6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/30741#ref-CR6\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\"><font size=\"2\">6<\/font><\/a><\/sup>, presumably by increasing the survival of acetylcholine at the synapse. Here we report that there is similar bidirectional modulation of genes that regulate acetylcholine availability after stress and blockade of acetylcholinesterase. These calcium-dependent changes in gene expression coincide with phases of rapid enhancement and delayed depression of neuronal excitability. Both of these phases are mediated by muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Our results suggest a model in which robust cholinergic stimulation triggers rapid induction of the gene encoding the tranion factor c-Fos. This protein then mediates selective regulatory effects on the long-lasting activities of genes involved in acetylcholine metabolism.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><!--StartFragment--><\/p>\n<p class=\"0\" style=\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255); mso-pagination: none; mso-padding-alt: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255); letter-spacing: 0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: \ud568\ucd08\ub86c\ubc14\ud0d5; mso-font-width: 100%; mso-text-raise: 0pt;\">Kaufer, D., Friedman, A., Seidman, S., &amp; Soreq, H. (1998). Acute stress facilitates long-lasting changes in cholinergic gene expression. <\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: \ud568\ucd08\ub86c\ubc14\ud0d5; mso-font-width: 100%; mso-text-raise: 0pt;\">Nature, 393<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255); letter-spacing: 0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: \ud568\ucd08\ub86c\ubc14\ud0d5; mso-font-width: 100%; mso-text-raise: 0pt;\">(6683), 373.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"0\" style=\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255); mso-pagination: none; mso-padding-alt: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/30741\"><u style=\"text-underline: #0000ff single;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(128, 0, 128); letter-spacing: 0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: \ud568\ucd08\ub86c\ubc14\ud0d5; mso-font-width: 100%; mso-text-raise: 0pt;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/30741<\/span><\/u><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"0\" style=\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255); mso-pagination: none; mso-padding-alt: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt;\">  <!--[if !supportEmptyParas]-->&nbsp;<!--[endif]-->  <o:p><\/o:p><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Acute traumatic stress may lead to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)1, which is characterized by delayed neuropsychiatric symptoms including depression, irritability, and impaired cognitive performance2. Curiously, inhibitors of the acetylcholine-hydrolysing enzyme acetylcholinesterase may induce psychopathologies that are reminiscent of PTSD3,4. It is unknown how a single stressful event mediates long-term neuronal plasticity. Moreover, no mechanism has [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":[],"jnews_primary_category":[],"jnews_social_meta":[],"jnews_override_counter":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[28,15],"tags":[57],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/happyfinder.co.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3085"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/happyfinder.co.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/happyfinder.co.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/happyfinder.co.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/happyfinder.co.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3085"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/happyfinder.co.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3085\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3086,"href":"https:\/\/happyfinder.co.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3085\/revisions\/3086"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/happyfinder.co.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3085"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/happyfinder.co.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3085"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/happyfinder.co.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3085"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}