Although stress-induced increases in inflammation have been implicated in several major disorders, including cardiovascular disease and depression, the neurocognitive pathways that underlie inflammatory responses to stress remain largely unknown. To examine these processes, we recruited 124 healthy young adult participants to complete a laboratory-based social stressor while markers of inflammatory activity were obtained from oral …
카테고리 글 보관함:행복DB
Piff, P. K., Kraus, M. W., Côté, S., Cheng, B. H., &Keltner, D. (2010). Having less, giving more: the influence of social class on prosocial behavior.
Lower social class (or socioeconomic status) is associated with fewer resources, greater exposure to threat, and a reduced sense of personal control. Given these life circumstances, one might expect lower class individuals to engage in less prosocial behavior, prioritizing self-interest over the welfare of others. The authors hypothesized, by contrast, that lower class individuals orient …
Frank, R. H., Gilovich, T., &Regan, D. T. (1993). Does studying economics inhibit cooperation?. Journal of economic perspectives, 7(2), 159-171.
In this paper we investigate whether exposure to the self-interest model commonly used in economics alters the extent to which people behave in self-interested ways. First, we report the results of several empirical studies—some our own, some by others—that suggest economists behave in more self-interested ways. By itself, this evidence does not demonstrate that exposure …
House, J. S., Landis, K. R., &Umberson, D. (1988). Social relationships and health. Science, 241(4865), 540-545.
Recent scientific work has established both a theoretical basis and strong empirical evidence for a causal impact of social relationships on health. Prospective studies, which control for baseline health status, consistently show increased risk of death among persons with a low quantity, and sometimes low quality, of social relationships. Experimental and quasi-experimental studies of humans …
Hawkley, L. C., &Cacioppo, J. T. (2007). Aging and loneliness: Downhill quickly?. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(4), 187-191.
Levels of loneliness are relatively stable across most of adult life, but correlates of loneliness show age differences. We review evidence of age differences in associations between loneliness and individual differences in health behaviors, stress exposure, physiological stress responses, appraisal and coping, and restorative processes. The effects of each of these pathways endow loneliness with …
Lee, R. M., et al. (2001). Social connectedness, dysfunctional interpersonal behaviors, and psychological distress: Testing a mediator model. Journal of counseling psychology, 48(3), 310.
The study examined the relationship among social connectedness, dysfunctional interpersonal behaviors, and psychological distress. The authors specifically hypothesized that the direct negative effect of social connectedness on psychological distress would be mediated by dysfunctional interpersonal behaviors. Prior to testing the hypothesis, the authors revised the original Social Connectedness Scale (SCS; R. A Lee and S. …
Bartal, I. B. A., Decety, J., & Mason, P. (2011). Empathy and pro-social behavior in rats. Science, 334(6061), 1427-1430.
Whereas human pro-social behavior is often driven by empathic concern for another, it is unclear whether nonprimate mammals experience a similar motivational state. To test for empathically motivated pro-social behavior in rodents, we placed a free rat in an arena with a cagemate trapped in a restrainer. After several sessions, the free rat learned to …
Warneken, F., &Tomasello, M. (2006). Altruistic helping in human infants and young chimpanzees. science, 311(5765), 1301-1303.
Human beings routinely help others to achieve their goals, even when the helper receives no immediate benefit and the person helped is a stranger. Such altruistic behaviors (toward non-kin) are extremely rare evolutionarily, with some theorists even proposing that they are uniquely human. Here we show that human children as young as 18 months of …
Scherwitz, L., Graham, L. E., &Ornish, D. (1985). Self-involvement and the risk factors for coronary heart disease. Advances, 2(2), 6-18.
Describes studies showing that excessive involvement in one’s self increases one’s risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). A preliminary study found a connection among self-involvement (SI), Type A (coronary prone) behavior, anger intensity, and high blood pressure. Later studies showed that self-involved patients were more likely to have recurrent heart attacks and poorer heart muscle …
Coutinho, J. F., Fernandesl, S. V., Soares, J. M., Maia, L., Gonçalves, Ó. F., &Sampaio, A. (2016). Default mode network dissociation in depressive and anxiety states.
The resting state brain networks, particularly the Default Mode Network (DMN), have been found to be altered in several psychopathological conditions such as depression and anxiety. In this study we hypothesized that cortical areas of the DMN, particularly the anterior regions – medial prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex – would show an increased functional …