Van Praag, B. M. (1991). Ordinal and cardinal utility: an integration of the two dimensions of the welfare concept. Journal of econometrics, 50(1-2), 69-89.
In this paper we distinguish two ‘dimensions’ of the utility concept. The first is the ‘behavioral’ dimension, described by indifference curves in a commodity space. It may be estimated by observing consumer purchase behavior. The second dimension is the ‘welfare’ dimension, i.e., the cardinal utility levels corresponding to indifference curves. The second dimension may be estimated by means of the income evaluation approach. We deal with ...