Examined whether depressed individuals make more realistic judgments than their nondepressed peers in real world settings. Depressed and nondepressed Ss in 2 studies were asked to make predictions about future actions and outcomes that might occur in their personal academic and social worlds. Both groups of Ss displayed overconfidence, that is, they overestimated the likelihood …
작성자별 글 보관함:서울대학교 행복연구센터
Alloy, L. B., & Abramson, L. Y. (1979). Judgment of contingency in depressed and nondepressed students: Sadder but wiser?
In 4 experiments, 144 depressed and 144 nondepressed undergraduates (Beck Depression Inventory) were presented with one of a series of problems varying in the degree of contingency. In each problem, Ss estimated the degree of contingency between their responses (pressing or not pressing a button) and an environmental outcome (onset of a green light). Depressed …
Golin, S., Terrell, F., Weitz, J., & Drost, P. L. (1979). The Illusion of Control Among Depressed Patients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88(4), 454-457.
A replication of an earlier study of the illusion of control in mildly depressed students with a clinically depressed sample found an illusion of control in a nondepressed patient group but not among depressed patients. The present results were similar to those obtained with mildly depressed students. The absence of the illusion of control was …
Strickland, L. H., Lewicki, R. J., & Katz, A. M. (1966). Temporal orientation and perceived control as determinants of risk-taking. Journal of experimental social psychology, 2(2), 143-151.
It was hypothesized that subjects would show greater restraint in risk-taking behavior when forced to wager after the outcome-determining physical event as compared with subjects who wagered in the normal (before the event) sequence. It was also expected that subjects defined as internally controlled would take greater risks than those defined as externally controlled. The …
Dunn, D. S., & Wilson, T. D. (1990). When the stakes are high: A limit to the illusion-of-control effect. Social cognition, 8(3), 305-323.
Three studies investigated a boundary condition on the illusion-of-control effect (the tendency to behave as if one can control random events). Subjects wagered poker chips on the roll of a die, either to win money or to reduce the amount of time they would have to spend on unpleasant tasks. To induce illusory control, half …
Langer, E. J. (1975). The illusion of control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32(2), 311-328.
Conducted a series of 6 studies involving 631 adults to elucidate the “illusion of control” phenomenon, defined as an expectancy of a personal success probability inappropriately higher than the objective probability would warrant. It was predicted that factors from skill situations (competition, choice, familiarity, involvement) introduced into chance situations would cause Ss to feel inappropriately …
Schulz, R., & Hanusa, B. H. (1978). Long-term effects of control and predictability-enhancing interventions: Findings and ethical issues.
Examined the long-term effects of participating in a field experiment on the effects of control and predictability-enhancing interventions. 40 retirement home residents who had initially benefited from being exposed to a specific positive predictable or controllable event (visits by college students) were assessed at 3 different intervals after the study was terminated. Health and psychological …
Rodin, J., & Langer, E. J. (1977). Long-term effects of a control-relevant intervention with the institutionalized aged. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(12), 897-902.
Reevaluated 26 elderly nursing home residents who were tested by the present authors (see record 1976-28515-001) as part of an intervention designed to increase feelings of choice and personal responsibility over daily events. Nurses’ ratings and health and mortality indicators suggest that the experimental treatment and/or the processes that it set in motion had sustained …
Langer, E. J., & Rodin, J. (1976). The effects of choice and enhanced personal responsibility for the aged: A field experiment in an institutional setting.
Conducted a field experiment to assess the effects of enhanced personal responsibility and choice on 91 nursing home residents. It was expected that the debilitated condition of many of the aged residing in institutional settings is, at least in part, a result of living in a virtually decision-free environment and, consequently, is potentially reversible. Residents …
Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37(2), 122-147.
Addresses the centrality of the self-efficacy mechanism (SEM) in human agency. SEM precepts influence thought patterns, actions, and emotional arousal. In causal tests, the higher the level of induced self-efficacy, the higher the performance accomplishments and the lower the emotional arousal. The different lines of research reviewed show that the SEM may have wide explanatory …