3 experiments are reported in which Ss were asked to judge the degree of contingency between responses and outcomes. They were exposed to 60 trials on which a choice between 2 responses was followed by 1 of 2 possible outcomes. Each S judged both contingent and noncontingent problems. Some Ss actually made response choices while …
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Samuel, A. G. (1991). A further examination of attentional effects in the phonemic restoration illusion. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 43(3), 679-699.
Models of how listeners understand speech must specify the types of representations that are computed, the nature of the flow of information, and the control structures that modify performance. Three experiments are reported that focus on the control processes in speech perception. Subjects in the experiments tried to discriminate stimuli in which a phoneme had …
Warren, R. M. (1984). Perceptual restoration of obliterated sounds. Psychological Bulletin, 96(2), 371-383.
When portions of a signal are masked in noisy environments, perceptual restoration can be accomplished through auditory induction (AI). There are 2 classes of AI: (a) temporal induction (TI), which restores contextually appropriate segments of a signal masked at both ears by transient noises; and (b) contralateral induction (CI), which restores a signal masked at …
Wimmer, H., & Perner, J. (1983). Beliefs about beliefs: Representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children& #39;s understanding of deception. Cognition, 13(1), 103-128.
Understanding of another person’s wrong belief requires explicit representation of the wrongness of this person’s belief in relation to one’s own knowledge. Three to nine year old children’s understanding of two sketches was tested. In each sketch subjects observed how a protagonist put an object into a location x and then witnessed that in the …
Keysar, B., Barr, D. J., Balin, J. A., & Brauner, J. S. (2000). Taking perspective in conversation: The role of mutual knowledge in comprehension. Psychological Science, 11(1), 32-38.
When people interpret language, they can reduce the ambiguity of linguistic expressions by using information about perspective: the speaker’s, their own, or a shared perspective. In order to investigate the mental processes that underlie such perspective taking, we tracked people’s eye movements while they were following instructions to manipulate objects. The eye fixation data in …
Gilbert, D. T. (1991). How mental systems believe. American Psychologist, 46(2), 107-119.
Is there a difference between believing and merely understanding an idea? R. Descartes (e.g., 1641 [1984]) thought so. He considered the acceptance and rejection of an idea to be alternative outcomes of an effortful assessment process that occurs subsequent to the automatic comprehension of that idea. This article examined B. Spinoza’s (1982) alternative suggestion that …
더 보기 “Gilbert, D. T. (1991). How mental systems believe. American Psychologist, 46(2), 107-119.”
Karniol, R., & Ross, M. (1996). The motivational impact of temporal focus: Thinking about the future and the past. Annual review of psychology, 47(1), 593-620.
In this chapter, we consider the degree to which individuals are pulled to behave by their conceptions of the future, pushed to act by their recollections of the past, or primarily driven by current exigencies. In examining conceptions of the future, we discuss how individuals bridge the present and the future, the origin of goals, …
Loftus, E. F., Miller, D. G., & Burns, H. J. (1978). Semantic integration of verbal information into a visual memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 4(1), 19-31.
In 5 experiments and a pilot study, a total of 1,232 undergraduates watched a series of slides depicting a single auto–pedestrian accident. The purpose of these experiments was to investigate how information supplied after an event influences a witness’s memory for that event. Ss were exposed to either consistent, misleading, or irrelevant information after the …
Zaragoza, M. S., McCloskey, M., & Jamis, M. (1987). Misleading postevent information and recall of the original event: Further evidence against the memory impairment hypothesis.
Evaluated the hypothesis that misleading postevent information impairs memory for the original event using 174 undergraduates in Exp I and 228 Ss in Exp II. Ss were assigned either to a recall test condition or an original recognition test condition. Ss viewed a sequence of slides depicting an event, read a postevent narrative that presented …
Warren, R. M. (1970). Perceptual restoration of missing speech sounds. Science, 167(3917), 392-393.
When an extraneous sound (such as a cough or tone) completely replaces a speech sound in a recorded sentence, listeners believe they hear the missing sound. The extraneous sound seems to occur during another portion of the sentence without interfering with the intelligibility of any phoneme. If silence replaces a speech sound, the gap is …