Shapiro, J. M. (2005). Is there a daily discount rate? Evidence from the food stamp nutrition cycle. Journal of public Economics, 89(2-3), 303-325.
Quasi-hyperbolic discounting predicts impatience over short-run tradeoffs. I present a direct non-laboratory test of this implication using data on the nutritional intake of food stamp recipients. Caloric intake declines by 10 to 15 percent over the food stamp month, implying a significant preference for immediate consumption. These findings constitute a rejection of the permanent income hypothesis and are extremely difficult to reconcile with exponential discounting. ...